Effects of light quality and germplasm on growth and effective ingredients of Dendrobium officinale germchit / 中国中药杂志

Effects of light quality and germplasm on the growth and effective ingredients of Dendrobium officinale germchit were studied. Under 8 light qualities (red, blue, yellow, green and three different red blue mix light), test-tube plantlets of different families (9 x 66, 17 x 30, 78 x 68) were used in the experiment to measure economical character and determine the content of chlorophyll, polysaccharides and total alkaloids. The results showed that light quality, germplasm and their interaction had a significant effect on the growth of D. officinale germchit. The maximal root length and height of seedling were obtained under red light, under blue light, the stem diameter was thickest and the content of total alkaloids were highest, the content of chlorophyll and polysaccharides of test-tube plantlets under red blue mix light were higher than that of other treatments. This work has laid a foundation for the high quality, low carbon and efficient production of D. officinale, and gives useful tips on production of high quality ingredients.

Reform and practice of teaching methods for culture of medicinal plant / 中国中药杂志

Culture of pharmaceutical plant is a comprehensive multi-disciplinary theory, which has a long history of application. In order to improve the quality of this course, some reformation schemes have been carried out, including stimulating enthusiasm for learning, refining the basic concepts and theories, promoting the case study, emphasis on latest achievements, enhancing exercise in laboratory and planting base, and guiding students to do scientific and technological innovation. Meanwhile, the authors point out some teaching problems of this course.

Genetic diversity and genetic relationships of spacies containing extremely aromatic compounds in leaves of Chimonanthus / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Species containing extremely aromatic compounds in leaves of Chimonanthus was analyzed to evaluate its genetic diversity and genetic relationships.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>AFLP molecular marker technique was used in the study, UPGMA cluster analysis was conducted with the software of POPGENE32.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five hundred and fifty-nine bands were amplified by 10 pairs of primers screened, of which 226 bands were polymorphic, and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 36.8%. Observed number of alleles, effective number of alleles, Nei's genetic diversity index and Shannon's information index were 1.992 6, 1.306 5, 0.199 2 and 0.325 1, respectively. Genetic distances of the 21 populations were ranged from 0.039 2 to 0.289 4.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Species containing extremely aromatic compounds in leaves of Chimonanthus with low genetic diversity play an important role in enhancing the protection of species and germplasm resources. Form the molecular level, the studies demonstrated the correctness of the result by Zhang Ruohui that species containing extremely aromatic compounds in leaves of Chimonanthus were divided into Ch. salicifolius, Ch. Zhejiangensis, Ch. nitens and Ch. grammatus.</p>

Study on 11 metal correction of mental element contents in Dendrobium officinale / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find out the variation of 11 mental element contents in Dendrobium officinale with different germplasms and harvesting ages, the results can provide scientific basis for the quality evaluation and the breeding of D. officinale.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>32 samples with 1-3 ages were collected from cultivated fields of Zhejiang and 11 samples were collected from markets. The 11 mental element contents of samples were determined by ICP-MS or AAS.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The average contents of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cr, and Cu were 1,205.23, 766.82, 158.25, 31.06, 4.28, 8.28, and 0.97 mg x kg(-1), the contents of As, Hg, Pb, and Cd were all in limits except Cd content of one sample exceeded the standard limit 0.07 mg x kg(-1); germplasms and physiological ages impacted mental elements contents accumulation significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There were rich essential mental elements in D. officinale. D. officinale from Zhejiang province and medical materials from market were all safe; the breeding of D. officinale can increase the contents of essential mental elements and reduce contents of heavy mental elements; the effect of physiological age on metal elements contents was related to each element's physiological and biochemical function.</p>

Study on basic amino acid contents in Dendrobium officinale / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the contents of 16 basic amino acid and find out the variation of them in Dendrobium officinale with different germplasms and physiological ages, and then provide scientific basis for the quality evaluation and the breeding of D. officinale.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Thirty-three samples with 1-3 ages were collected from cultivated fields of Zhejiang. The samples were acid hydrolyzed, and then 16 basic amino acid contents of samples were determined by amino acid analyzer.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The average contents of 7 necessary amino acid were in 0.28 - 2.96 mg x g(-1), the average contents of other 9 basic amino acid were in 0.53 - 4.20 mg x g(-1). The contents of many amino acids were impacted by germplasms significantly, and contents of several amino acids were impacted by physiological ages significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There were rich basic amino acids in D. officinale. The breeding of D. officinale can increase the contents of essential amino acids and other basic amino acids. The relations among physiological age and amino acid contents were as follows: three years > two years > one year. The contents of Asp and Tyr have significantly negative correlation with magnesium, the content of Pro has significantly positive correlation with copper.</p>

Variation of monosacchride composition of polysacchrides in Dendrobium officinale by pre-column derivatization HPLC method / 中国中药杂志

The monosacchride composition of polysacchrides in Dendrobium officinal of different germplasms, physiological ages and closely related species were determined by pre-column derivatization HPLC. The results showed that the absolute and relative volumes of all monosacchrides were significantly different between D. officinale and its closely related species, different germplasms and physiological ages of D. officinale. Absolute peak areas of mannose ranged from 0.854 x 10(7) to 10.340 x 10(7) in closely related species of D. officinale, ranged from 1.467 x 10(7) to 8.475 x 10(7) in different germplasms of D. officinale and were 4.411 x 10(7) (2.577 x 10(7)-6.516 x 10(7)), 5.528 x 10(7) (3.179 x 10(7)-8.475 x 10(7)) and 3.601 x 10(7) (1.467 x 10(7)-5.888 x 10(7)), respectively, in one to three physiological ages of D. officinale. The ratio of mannose to glucose peak areas (relative peak area) ranged from 0.976 to 16.599 in closely related species of D. officinale and from 2.679 to 7.831 in different germplasms of D. officinale. Only the relative peak areas of D. pendulum and D. primulinum were in the range of different germplasms of D. officinale in all tested samples. The results revealed the variation of monosacchride composition of polysacchrides in D. officinale. Monosacchride composition of D. officinale could be altered by breeding new varieties and controlling harvesting season. Most adulterants of D. officinale could be ruled out according to the relative peak areas of D. officinale, providing a basis for quality control and resources training of D. officinale.

Pollen vigor and development of germplasm of Dendrobium officinale / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide the theoretical basis and applied technology for breeding superior species of Dendrobium officinale.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The peroxidase solution was used to test the pollen vigor in different flowering time and storage conditions. Cross, self and opening pollination were conducted in the green house, the subsidiary pollination by insects was carried out outdoors.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The pollen of D. officinale was still in vigor when the flower faded. The pollen vigor was only 29.4% in the buds, 70.6% in the bloom day, and decreased to 31.9% a week later, it remained still 21.2% 20 days later under the condition of dry and 4 degrees C. The fructification rate was about 82.6% and 7.3%, respectively, when the cross and self pollination performed by hand in the whole flowering time, the rate was 0 in the green house and outdoors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The pollen of D. officinale was still in vigor during the whole flowering time, the fructification rate was 0 in the green house and outdoors resulted from the specific structure of flower. The wild resources of D. officinale were protected and germplasm was developed effectively through the artificial cross pollination.</p>

Effects of harvesting stage on functional constituents of four kinds of Hangbaiju / 中国中药杂志

To reveal the effects of harvesting stage on the functional constituents of four kinds of Hangbaiju and determine the best harvesting stage. Sixteen samples of Hualei, Taiju, Youju, Quanju were collected from Zhejiang Tongxiang. The content of total flavonoids were determined by UV spectrophotometry. Chlorogenic acid, lutelin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and 3,5-O-discaffeoylquinc acid were analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the effect of harvesting stage on the functional constituents of four kinds of Hangbaiju was significant. The contents of total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid reached maximum at the Hualei stage, and next was Taiju. The highest content of lutelin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside and 3,5-O-discaffeoylquinc acid was found in samples of Taiju. The yield of the four kinds of Hangbaiju increased obviously as the collection time deferred. Considering the functional constituents, yield and harvesting stage, the stage of Taiju is the best harvesting time.

Bibliometrics of woody medical plants in China / 中国中药杂志

Using the theory and method of bibliometrics, this paper made statistical analysis on the research papers of 16 main woody medical plants published in the period of 1998-2007, from aspects of years distribution, journals distribution, themes distribution, authors distribution and research institutes distribution, and so on. The results showed the studies, status quto and development potential of woody medical plants.

Quantitive variation of polysaccharides content in cultivated Dendrobium candidum / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal the variation content of polysaccharides in cultivated Dendrobium candidum and the relationship between germplasms, harvesting and polysaccharides content for the breeding of quality of D. candidium.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The morphological characteristics were recorded when 33 samples were collected. The content of polysaccharides was determined by phenol-sulphuric acid method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The average content of polysaccharides in 2-year-old samples was 34.47% (25.63%-41.65%). The polysaccharides content of samples were significantly different among germplasms and physiological ages.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The polysaccharides content of cultivated D. candidum is higher than that of wild materials. Germplasms and physiological age impact on the polysaccharides content significantly. D. candidum breeding and the control of harvesting can increase polysaccharides content.</p>

Present status and sustainable development of Dendrobium officinale industry / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the present status and characteristics of Dendrobium officinale industry and to provide a rationale for the sustainable industrial development.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Based on references and an on-site investigation of main Dendrobium officinale-producing enterprises and market, to analyze main existing problems and to propose suggestions for sustainable development.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>More than 10 provinces and regions are involved in the production around the center of Zhejiang and Yunnan provinces. These two provinces are different from each other in development pattern. Yunnan adopts a mode of companies minus farmer households but Zhejiang mainly employs a mode that a leading company establishes a production base with production, processing and marketing combined together. Zhejiang mode is characterized by high tech, high investment, high risk and high return. Existence of non-genuine species, stagnancy in development and application of varieties and techniques for quality control and a narrow channel for marketing are the key problems limiting sustainable development of the industry.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The key to sustainable development of the industry is to establish a technological alliance to speed up development of common techniques and application of integrated innovations, to strengthen self-discipline and monitoring of production, and to expand sales market.</p>

Variation of phenolic compound contents of Magnolia officinalis at different levels / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal the mutative discipline of the contents of the phenols in samples from different provenances.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The contents of magnolol and honokiol in samples from the filial generation of Guanxi, Hubei and Zhejiang provinces were determined respectively by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There were significant variations between provenances, the contents of honokiol, magnolol and phenols were the highest in samples from Hubei province, those were the lowest in samples from Zhejiang province. There were not only significant differences in polyphenol content between provenances, but also in families in the same provenance and individuals in families.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Magnolia polyphenol content and appearance traits were significantly related. The type with the small convex tip (original form) were superior to other types of M. officinalis judging from the characteristics of tree classification. The high quality of M. officinalis should actually be attributed to their local varieties and the breeding strategy of M. officinalis should be paid full attention to the good provenances, good families and good individuals.</p>

Study on chemical diversity of volatile oils in Houttuynia cordata and their genetic basis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal chemical diversify of volatile oils in Houttuynia cordata from major producing areas in China and their genetic basis, lay a foundation for breeding a quality H. cordata variety.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The volatile oils in H. cordata from 22 provenances were determined by GC. And the relationship among the peak areas of volatile oils, biological characteristics and RAPD makers were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There were common and special volatile oils in H. cordata from different provenances. The peak areas of common volatile oils in samples were significantly different. The clustering figure based on the peak areas or the relative peak areas of common volatile oils was almost agreed with the one based on RAPD makers analysis. And the differences in chromatograms could be distinguished according to the biological characteristics.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The diversity of volatile oils exists in H. cordata from different provenances which relate with biological characteristics and has genetic basis. H. cordata can be divided into 2 types according to volatile oils, biological characteristics or RAPD marker.</p>

Photosynthetic characteristics of Sarcandra glabra / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To learn about the photosynthetic characteristics of Sarcandra glabra and provide the theoretic references for its better planting.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The photosynthetic parameters of twenty different provenances of Sarcandra glabra were determined by Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system, and the data was analyzed by Excel and SAS software.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results showed that the light saturation point of different Provenances of S. glabra were almost about 800 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1), while the light compensation point of them were from 14.70 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1) to 48.68 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1). The curve of net photosynthetic rate had two peaks on sunny day, the first one was in the morning and the other one was in the afternoon. The photosynthetic "noon- break" of S. glabra appeared between 11:00-13:00, when the net photosynthetic rate goes down sharply. Intercellular CO2 concentration (C(i)), CO2 concentration (CO2S) and transpiration rate (T(r)) all have effect on the diurnal change of net photosynthetic rate (P(n)) of S. glabra, and the average correlation coefficient between P(n) and the parameters above were orderly as -0.89 (P < 0.01), -0.75 (P < 0.05) and 0.69 (P < 0.05);</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>S. glabra was a plant with characteristics of shade-tolerance, and through the way of covering, sprinkling for decreasing the surrounding temperature would be effective to reduce its "noon-break" time and increas its efficiency of photosynthesis.</p>

Study on collector for spores of Ganoderma spp / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To develop a convenient, practical low-cost and efficient Ganoderma spore collector.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The spore collector was made from common materials such as white cardboard and oil-lustrous paper, temperature and humidity were used as indexes to study the effect of the collector on the growth environment of Ganoderma and spore collection.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The spore collector developed could effectively separate Ganoderma fruit bodies from the outside to form an independent closed space and stop free flow of spores. The use of the collector had few effects on temperature and humidity that influenced the growth of G. spp. and development of the fruit bodies. In addition, the fluctuation of the relative humidity inside the collector tended to be small.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This collector could efficiently collect quality spores and the yield of spores accounted for 38.3% of the total yield of spores and fruit bodies when this collector was applied on a large scale.</p>

Determination of contents of tripterine in Tripterygii preparations / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the HPLC method of determining the contents of tripterine in Tripterygii preparations purchased from drugstores.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>An external standard method by HPLC with Hanbon Kromasil C18 column as fixed phase and methanol-1% HAc (83:17) as mobile phase was adopted. The detection wavelength was 425 nm and the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The contents of tripterine in TWH F. tablets were between 89.04 and 344.0 microg/tablet, and is higher than those in TWH F. polyglycosidium (14.98-217.80 microg/tablet) and Kunmingshanhaitang tablets (22.32 microg/tablet).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The contents of tripterine, in different Tripterygium preparations vary significantly, and in Tripterygium preparations from different manufacturers and different production lots are being remarkable discrepancy. So it is necessary to enhance quality monitoring and to establish the rational quality control standard for Tripterygii preparations.</p>

RESEARCH ON DNA MOLECULAR MARKER OF MAGNOLIA OFFICINALIS REHD. ET WILS. RAPD STUDY ON CERTIFIED SPECIES / 药学学报

AIM　To discuss the intraspecific relationship in Magnolia officinalis and the genuineness of Cortex Magnoliae officinalis, and to find some DNA characters of certified “Houpo”. METHODS　Thirty-three samples from eleven locations, which can represent most of the distribution of M.officinalis, were selected. The total DNA was extracted. Severty-four random primers were tried to get good amplification. RESULTS One hundred and sixteen bands amplified from seventeen primers, were clustered by NTSYS-pc software. Three branches were obtained. Some distinctive primers and bands, which represent certified species or fine breed, were obtained also. CONCLUSION　1) M.officinalis should be divided into three geographic clans instead of two subspecies or varieties, they are, a) typical officinalis, b) typical biloba and c) Middle type. This conclusion agrees with the leaf form and other characters. 2) The genetic difference between “Chuanpo” and “Wenpo” is evident and the difference is in correspondence with the quantities of their chemical constituents. So, the genetic difference is the main reason of the genuineness of Cortex Magnoliae officinalis. 3) These results may be used to establish DNA database for identification of Cortex Magnoliae officinalis.

Analysis on genetic diversity of Sarcandra glabra collected from eight provenance based on ISSR markers / 中草药

Objective Sarcandra glabra is a widely-used Chinese medicinal herb,but the wild germplasm resources were decreasing.In order to protect the germplasm resources,the genetic diversity and genetic relationship among the various provenances should be analyzed.Methods ISSR Molecular markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of S.glabra collected from eight provenances.The genetic diversity,genetic distance,and cluster analysis were performed by Popgen32 software and UPCMA method.Results Ten screened polymorphic primers were used in ISSR-PCR and 111 bands were amplified,among them including 106 polymorphic bands that were about 95.50%.Genetic distance of eight different provenances were ranged from 0.034 7—0.185 0.The genetic diversity of S.glabra mainly came from the interior variation of every provenance,for Gst=0.340 3.Conclusion Provenances of S.glabra can be divided into two groups and based on the relationship of genetic distance and altitude,the provenances can be divieded as follows:correspondingly higher altitude group(800-900 m);correspondingly lower altitude group(250-300 m);middling altitude group(600 m).